岩石受压破裂的ULF和LF电磁前兆信号   总被引：15，自引：1，他引：15  

钱书清  郝锦绮  周建国  高金田 《中国地震》2003,19(2):109-116

实验观测到了4类岩性、18块样品在单轴压力下直至破裂发生全过程中的ULF和LF电磁前兆信号。这些不同频率的信号是零散出现的，其形态为一组组脉冲，宽度为4ms～16ms，幅度为0．1mV～1．4mV。实验发现具同一谐振频率的天线收到的信号频次与其相对于裂缝的位置和方位有关。结果还表明，电磁前兆信号的频度与岩样强度有关，抗压强度高的岩样电磁前兆信号多。微破裂可能产生了偶电层，在破裂过程中向外辐射，产生了LF频段的磁信号，ULF磁信号则主要由压磁效应产生。  相似文献   

Temporal variations in magma composition at Merapi Volcano (Central Java, Indonesia): magmatic cycles during the past 2000 years of explosive activity   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ralf Gertisser  Jrg Keller 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2003,123(1-2):1

Merapi Volcano (Central Java, Indonesia) has been frequently active during Middle to Late Holocene time producing basalts and basaltic andesites of medium-K composition in earlier stages of activity and high-K magmas from 1900 ¹⁴C yr BP to the present. Radiocarbon dating of pyroclastic deposits indicates an almost continuous activity with periods of high eruption rates alternating with shorter time spans of distinctly reduced eruptive frequency since the first appearance of high-K volcanic rocks. Geochemical data of 28 well-dated, prehistoric pyroclastic flows of the Merapi high-K series indicate systematic cyclic variations. These medium-term compositional variations result from a complex interplay of several magmatic processes, which ultimately control the periodicity and frequency of eruptions at Merapi. Low eruption rates and the absence of new influxes of primitive magma from depth allow the generation of basaltic andesite magma (56–57 wt% SiO₂) in a small-volume magma reservoir through fractional crystallisation from parental mafic magma (52–53 wt% SiO₂) in periods of low eruptive frequency. Magmas of intermediate composition erupted during these stages provide evidence for periodic withdrawal of magma from a steadily fractionating magma chamber. Subsequent periods are characterised by high eruption rates that coincide with shifts of whole-rock compositions from basaltic andesite to basalt. This compositional variation is interpreted to originate from influxes of primitive magma into a continuously active magma chamber, triggering the eruption of evolved magma after periods of low eruptive frequency. Batches of primitive magma eventually mix with residual magma in the magmatic reservoir to decrease whole-rock SiO₂ contents. Supply of primitive magma at Merapi appears to be sufficiently frequent that andesites or more differentiated rock types were not generated during the past 2000 years of activity. Cyclic variations also occurred during the recent eruptive period since AD 1883. The most recent eruptive episode of Merapi is characterised by essentially uniform magma compositions that may imply the existence of a continuously active magma reservoir, maintained in a quasi-steady state by magma recharge. The whole-rock compositions at the upper limit of the total SiO₂ range of the Merapi suite could also indicate the beginning of another period of high eruption rates and shifts towards more mafic compositions.  相似文献   

Petrogenesis of the Ulsan carbonate rocks from the south-eastern Kyongsang Basin, South Korea   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Kyounghee Yang  Jin-Yeon Hwang  Sung-Hyo Yun 《Island Arc》2003,12(4):411-422

Abstract The petrogenesis of the Ulsan carbonate rocks in the Mesozoic Kyongsang Basin of South Korea, which have previously been interpreted as limestone of Paleozoic age, is reconsidered in the present study. Within the Kyongsang Basin, a small volume of carbonate rocks, containing a magnetite deposit and spatially associated ultramafic rocks, is surrounded by sedimentary, volcanic and granitic rocks of the Mesozoic age. The simple cross‐cutting relationships and other outcrop features of the area indicate that the carbonate rocks are an intrusive phase and younger than the other surrounding Mesozoic rocks. The Ulsan carbonates have low concentrations of rare earth elements (REE) and trace elements with the carbon and oxygen isotope values in the range of δ¹³C_PDB = 2.4 to 4.0‰ and δ¹⁸O_SMOW = 17.0 to 19.5‰. Outcrop evidence and geochemical signatures indicate that the Ulsan carbonates were formed from crustal carbonate melts, which were generated by the melting/fluxing of crustal carbonate materials, caused by the emplacement‐related processes of alkaline A‐type granitic rocks. Compared to typical mantle‐derived carbonatites associated with silica‐undersaturated, strongly peralkaline systems, the relatively small size and geochemical characteristics of the Ulsan carbonates reflect carbonatite genesis in a silica‐saturated, weakly alkali intrusive system. Major deep‐seated tectonic fractures formed by the collapse of the cauldron or the rift system associated with the opening of the East Sea (Japan Sea) might have facilitated the ascent of the crustal carbonate melts.  相似文献   

渤海—鲁西地区白垩-早第三纪裂谷活动——火山岩的地球化学证据   总被引：9，自引：3，他引：9  

侯贵廷  钱祥麟  蔡东升 《地质科学》2003,38(1):13-21

渤海—鲁西地区的白垩早第三纪火山岩在渤海东部主要沿郯庐断裂带呈北北东向分布,在渤海西部和鲁西地区主要沿北西向断裂带分布。白垩纪火山岩以安山岩类为主,早第三纪以玄武岩类为主,玄武岩浆源于富集型地幔,即富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素,但明显亏损Yb、Ni和Cr等元素。火山岩的Sr和Nd同位素初始比值结果表明白垩纪的火山岩来源于Ⅱ型富集地幔,而早第三纪火山岩来源于接近原始地幔的略富集型地幔。这可能由于早第三纪岩石圈大规模伸展减薄,致使上地幔深部的亏损型物质上涌参与岩浆活动,与富集型地幔混染的结果。  相似文献   

试论碳酸盐岩上覆红土的形成模式及演化趋势   总被引：14，自引：1，他引：14  

符必昌  黄英 《地质科学》2003,38(1):128-136

据长期对岩溶及红土化作用等的研究成果,本文全面系统地分析了碳酸盐岩上覆红土的形成及演化规律,提出了一个新的碳酸盐岩上覆红土的形成模式,进而深入阐明了碳酸盐岩上覆红土的演化规律及其在现代气候条件下的演化趋势等,在解决岩溶及红土学术界存在的碳酸盐岩上覆红土的形成、碳酸盐岩与上覆红土之间的相互关系及其发展演化规律等一系列重大疑难问题上向前迈进了一步,对相关学科的发展将产生积极的推动作用.  相似文献   

内蒙古大青山印支运动厘定   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8  

刘正宏徐仲元  杨振升 《地质论评》2003,49(5):457-463

根据中下侏罗统五当沟组与下伏地层之间角度不整合接触关系，结合同位素年代与岩浆活动特征和各种构造要素之间叠加改造关系，证实了大青山地区存在强烈印支运动。构造样式和构造要素组合特点表明大青山印支运动是一次强烈逆冲推覆、褶皱造山运动，形成了东西向展布的大型逆冲推覆构造和褶皱构造，构成了大青山地区中生代造山带主体构造格架。在地壳构造变形过程中伴随有强烈岩浆活动，形成了一系列的岩株和岩墙。大青山地区印支构造运动的确定对研究阴山—燕山板内造山带形成演化历史和地球动力学机制具有重要意义。  相似文献   

羌塘岩带碰撞后超钾质火山岩地球化学特征及成因探讨   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘燊  胡瑞忠  迟效国  李才  冯彩霞  王天武 《大地构造与成矿学》2003,27(2):167-175

羌塘超钾质火山岩为板块碰撞后的产物,地球化学特征表明,其同时具有板内火山岩和俯冲带岛弧火山岩的双重地球化学特性。化学组成上富含轻稀土和大离子亲石元素而亏损Cr、Ni等相容元素。在成因上受分离结晶作用和源区混合作用共同制约。源区为受古俯冲上地壳物质和下地幔上升流体交代混合的EMII型富集地幔端元,可能富含角闪石和金云母等矿物。  相似文献   

Paléoenvironnements et caractérisation des roches mères pétrolières des séries pré-salifères du bassin intérieur du Gabon     

Michel Mbina Mounguengui  François Baudin  Jacques Lang  Olivier Jocktane 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2003,335(3):327-334

The Interior Basin of Gabon, created during the break-up between South America and Africa, displays thick Neoproterozoic to Aptian p.p. fluvio-lacustrine deposits overlain by Aptian to Albian marine facies. Rock–Eval analyses from outcrop and drillhole samples show high content in organic matter (up to 25%) related to types I and II. These intervals are encountered within Permian, Neocomian–Barremian as well as Aptian siliciclastic succession. They constitute fairly good to excellent potential petroleum source rocks, which are most probably at the origin of oil indices recognized both in drillholes and in surface.  相似文献   

A Linear Programming Approach to Determine the Normative Composition of Sedimentary Rocks     

V. N. Podkovyrov  O. V. Graunov  R. L. Cullers 《Mathematical Geology》2003,35(4):459-476

The analysis of modal and normative composition of sedimentary rocks is widely used for studying their sources and tectonic settings. The normative calculation of the mineral composition of rocks in this study is formulated as a linear programming problem and is solved by means of the simplex method. This enables both simultaneous and successive subtraction of a set of basic minerals from a rock sample represented by its chemical composition {SiO₂...LOI}. Such an approach provides a more exact calculation of the contribution of basic minerals in the rock. This mathematical approach is used to study two representative sets of sandstones and fine-grained rocks from a Meso- to Neoproterozoic marginal basin of southeastern Siberia (Uchur–Maya region, Yakutia) and a Pennsylvanian-Lower Permian uplifted continental block in Colorado, USA. The calculated normative mineral compositions of the Siberian sandstones are consistent with the observed modal compositions. These sandstones vary from K- Feldspar rich arkoses at the base of the sequence (the Uchur Group, lower Riphean) to quartz arenites or lithic sandstones and wacke in transgressive successions of the middle-upper Riphean. Arkoses and quartz arenites are dominant in Meso- to Neoproterozoic Siberia. These samples represent craton interior uplifted basement and quartzose, recycled orogen provenance of a stable craton in Rodinia. There are higher but consistent discrepancies between the calculated and observed compositions for the Pennsylvanian to Lower-Permian arkoses and quartz arenites (Sangre de Cristo, Belden, and Maroon Formations). The differences between the predicted and observed mineralogy may be due to uncertainties in the modes in the matrix and cement of the sandstones. This normative program should supplement modal calculations and provide better genetic constructions, especially in case of matrix-rich sandstones.  相似文献   

东昆仑造山带花岗岩类Pb-Sr-Nd-O同位素特征   总被引：19，自引：1，他引：19  

刘成东  莫宣学  罗照华  喻学惠  谌宏伟  李述为  赵欣 《地球学报》2003,24(6):584-588

本文报道了东昆仑造山带三叠纪辉长岩、花岗岩类及其包裹体的Pb、Sr、Nd和O同位素组成。东昆仑造山带花岗质岩石全岩和长石Pb同位素组成相差不大，具明显的造山带Pb同位素特征；Sr同位素初始值(ISr)变化于0．70144～0．70972之间，暗示幔源成因；εNd值变化于-4．49939～-9．19258之间，具壳源成因特点；Nd同位素模式年龄(tDM)在1．38～1．761Ga之间，与中元古代变质岩相当；O同位素组成变化范围7．8～9．5，表明花岗岩类成岩物质主要来自地壳。综合岩石的同位素组成，结合矿物学、岩石地球化学的研究，表明花岗岩浆主要起源于地壳，但与来自地幔的基性岩浆曾发生过混合作用，从而导致同位素组成趋于一致。  相似文献